“We emphasize common pitfalls resulting in flawed or even misleading maps and diagrams, but our goal is not to suggest these guidelines as hard-and-fast rules required in all mapping contexts”, explains Kraak. Problems can also originate in other ways than the pitfalls mentioned in the book. For example from improper data handling, distracting symbols and text, confusing map elements, and the (mis)use of software defaults. “Our objective is to encourage mapmakers of all kinds to be more intentional about these cartographic design decisions. Reasons to break from our recommendations are myriad, but they should be made with careful and collective consideration of the map use and user context”, says Kraak.

Although the book offers a generic view of cartography, it does directly touch upon the research work of cartographers and data visualizes at the Faculty of ITC. We concentrate on developing and evaluating online alternative graphic representations that can depict changes over time. “We do so in interactive online environments, offering the user a multitude of options to ‘play’ with the map”, explains Kraak. For example, in the maps shown in Figure 2. It represents SDG indicator 9.c.1; the proportion of the population covered by a 2G mobile network. The user can change the map type, the classification and the year.

Figure 2. An interactive map on the proportion of the population covered by a 2G mobile network.

Figure 3 is another example of Kraak’s work. It shows an interactive dashboard that provides a visual summary of data of SDG indicator 9.4.1 on CO₂ emissions. It contains a proportional symbol map, a stream graph, and a cartogram, supporting multiple perspectives on the indicator. Coordinated interaction across these multiple views is essential to support open-ended exploration and in-depth analysis and allows one to reveal previously unknown insights into patterns, trends, and anomalies across a range of datasets.

Figure 3. Interactive dashboard on SDG indicator 9.4.1 on CO₂ emissions.

The evaluation of our product is just as critical as their development. The usability of a map is critical to the overall user experience, or the process that leads to a successful and satisfying outcome. “In our VISUSE lab, we apply a robust user-centred design process that seeks feedback early and often from the intended audience”, says Kraak.